Commercialization of green hydrogen production from kraal manure in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13116Keywords:
Renewable energy, PEMFC, green hydrogen, kraal manure, commercialisationAbstract
Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement launched in 2011 contracts renewable energy producers to supplement the national electricity grid. No preferred bidders produce energy using hydrogen fuel cells, particularly Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), possibly due to technicalities associated with qualifying hydrogen and fuel cells as renewable. The study explores processes to be followed in South Africa to commercialize green hydrogen production for PEMFC from kraal manure. The paper employed an integrative literature review methodology. There are different stages in product commercialisation, such as developing a product, taking the product to markets, growth, and diffusion. The discussions indicate a huge amount of hydrogen that can be produced from kraal manure that is in abundance in the Eastern Cape. Commercialization of hydrogen production can address global economic goals such as waste management, fighting poverty, reducing unemployment and addressing energy challenges.
Downloads
References
Abad, A.V. and Dodds, P.E. 2020. Green hydrogen characterisation initiatives: Definitions, standards, guarantees of origin, and challenges. Energy Policy 138, pp.111300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111300
Adamson K-A. 2017. Fuel cells and hydrogen emerging market Series special report e China 2016-2026. 4th Energy Wave.
Assembly, G., 2015. Sustainable development goals. SDGs Transform Our World, 2030.
Ayodele, T.R., Mosetlhe, T.C., Yusuff, A.A. and Ogunjuyigbe, A.S.O. 2021. Off-grid hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen storage for South African rural community health clinic. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(38), pp.19871-19885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.140
Baeyens, J., Zhang, H., Nie, J., Appels, L., Dewil, R., Ansart, R. and Deng, Y. 2020. Reviewing the potential of bio-hydrogen production by fermentation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 131, pp.110023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110023
Bala R., Gautam V. and Mondal M.K. 2019. Improved biogas yield from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a preliminary step for fuel cell technology and hydrogen generation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, pp.164-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.072
Bareiß, K., de la Rua, C., Möckl, M. and Hamacher, T. 2019. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen from proton exchange membrane water electrolysis in future energy systems. Applied Energy, 237, pp.862-872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.001
Bose, S., Kuila, T., Nguyen, T.X.H., Kim, N.H., Lau, K.T. and Lee, J.H. 2011. Polymer membranes for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell: recent advances and challenges. Progress in Polymer Science, 36(6), pp.813-843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.003
Camacho, F., Macedo, A. and Malcata, F. 2019. Potential industrial applications and commercialization of microalgae in the functional food and feed industries: A short review. Marine drugs, 17(6), pp.312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060312
Dawood, F., Anda, M. and Shafiullah, G.M. 2020. Hydrogen production for energy: An overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(7), pp.3847-3869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059
Department of Environmental Affairs, Forestry and Fishers (DEAFF), 2019. Unpublished dataset of institutional capacity 2000–2019.
ESI Africa, 2021. Successful energy projects for bid window 5 announced. https://www.esi-africa.com/southern-africa/successful-energy-projects-for-bid-window-5-announced/. Accessed on 01 January 2022.
Fini, R., Rasmussen, E., Wiklund, J. and Wright, M. 2019. Theories from the lab: How research on science commercialization can contribute to management studies. Journal of Management Studies, 56(5), pp.865-894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12424
Fuel Cells Bulletin. SA government, HySA launch a prototype fuel cell generator solution. Fuel Cells Bulletin 2014, 12, pp.5-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(14)70337-2
Fuel cells and hydrogen 2 joint undertaking – programme review report. 2018.
Gross, R., Hanna, R., Gambhir, A., Heptonstall, P. and Speirs, J. 2018. How long does innovation and commercialisation in the energy sectors take? Historical case studies of the timescale from invention to widespread commercialisation in energy supply and end-use technology. Energy Policy, 123, pp.682-699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.061
Han W., Ye M., Zhu A.J., Zhao H.T. and Li Y.F. 2015. Batch dark fermentation from enzymatically hydrolyzed food waste for hydrogen production. Bioresource Technology 191, pp.24-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.120
Hess, A.M. and Rothaermel, F.T. 2011. When are assets complementary? Star scientists, strategic alliances, and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 32(8), pp.895-909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.916
Hussain, F., Shah, S.Z., Ahmad, H., Abubshait, S.A., Abubshait, H.A., Laref, A., Manikandan, A., Kusuma, H.S. and Iqbal, M. 2021. Microalgae an ecofriendly and sustainable wastewater treatment option: Biomass application in biofuel and bio-fertilizer production. A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, pp.110603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110603
Karaeva, J.V. 2021. Hydrogen production at centralized utilization of agricultural waste. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(69), pp.34089-34096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.004
Karlsson, A., Vallin, L. and Ejlertsson, J. 2008. Effects of temperature, hydraulic retention time and hydrogen extraction rate on hydrogen production from the fermentation of food industry residues and manure. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(3), pp.953-962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.10.055
Khan, I. 2020. Waste to biogas through anaerobic digestion: hydrogen production potential in the developing world-a case of Bangladesh. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(32), pp.15951-15962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.038
Kim, M., Yoon, S.U. and Kim, H.M. 2020. A Study on the Hydrogen Economic Law for the Realization of Hydrogen Society in Korea, 46, pp.1-30.
Kumar, S.S. and Himabindu, V. 2019. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis–A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2(3), pp.442-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002
Carmine J, Dicks A. 2003. Fuel Cell Systems Explained. 2nd ed. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878330
Lototskyy, M.V., Tolj, I., Parsons, A., Smith, F., Sita, C. and Linkov, V. 2016. Performance of electric forklift with low-temperature polymer exchange membrane fuel cell power module and metal hydride hydrogen storage extension tank. Journal of power sources, 316, pp.239-250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.058
Lucchese, P., Ohira, E. and Leaver, J. 2019. IEA Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Program (TCP) End of Term Report 2015-2020 and Strategic Plan 2020-2025.
Luo S. and Feng Y. 2016. The production of hydrogen-rich gas by wet sludge pyrolysis using waste heat from blast-furnace slag. Energy 113, pp.845-851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.130
Maestre, V.M., Ortiz, A. and Ortiz, I. 2021. Challenges and prospects of renewable hydrogen-based strategies for full decarbonization of stationary power applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 152, pp.111628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111628
Materazzi M., Taylor R. and Cairns-Terry M. 2019. Production of biohydrogen from gasification of waste fuels: pilot plant results and deployment prospects. Waste Management, 94, pp.95-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.038
Nice, J.A. 2020. Appropriate renewable energy for education infrastructure in rural South Africa: The Cofimvaba science centre model. Unpublished.
Ørngreen, R. and Levinsen, K. 2017. Workshops as a Research Methodology. Electronic Journal of E-learning, 15(1), pp.70-81.
Pawar, S.S. and van Niel Ed WJ. 2013. Thermophilic biohydrogen production: how far are we? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 97, pp.7999–8009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5141-1
Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E., Broström, A., D’este, P., Fini, R., Geuna, A., Grimaldi, R., Hughes, A. and Krabel, S. 2013. Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university-industry relations. Research Policy, 42(2), pp.423-442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.007
Perkins, G. and Love, G. 2010. The commercialisation of underground coal gasification. Chemeca 2010: Engineering at the Edge; 26-29 September 2010, Hilton Adelaide, South Australia, pp.399.
Pollet, B.G., Pasupathi, S., Swart, G., Mouton, K., Lototskyy, M., Williams, M., Bujlo, P., Ji, S., Bladergroen, B.J. and Linkov, V. 2014. Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) Systems Competence Centre: Mission, objectives, technological achievements and breakthroughs 5. international journal of hydrogen energy, 39(3577), pp.3596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.11.116
Rafieenia R., Girotto F., Peng W., Cossu R., Pivato A., Raga R., et al. 2017. Effect of aerobic pre-treatment on hydrogen and methane production in a two-stage anaerobic digestion process using food waste with different compositions. Waste Management, 59, pp.194-1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.028
Renouard-Vallet, G., Saballus, M., Schmithals, G., Schirmer, J., Kallo, J. and Friedrich, K.A. 2010. Improving the environmental impact of civil aircraft by fuel cell technology: concepts and technological progress. Energy & Environmental Science, 3(10), pp.1458-1468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b925930a
Sharma P. and Melkania U. 2018. Impact of heavy metals on hydrogen production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste using co-culture of Enterobacter aerogenes and E. Coli. Waste Management, 75, pp.89-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.005
Snyder, H. 2019. Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, pp.333-339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Spinuzzi, C., Pogue, G., Nelson, R.S., Thomson, K.S., Lorenzini, F., French, R.A., Burback, S.D. and Momberger, J. 2015, July. How do entrepreneurs hone their pitches? Analyzing how to pitch presentations develop in a technology commercialization competition. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual international conference on the design of communication (pp. 1-11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2775441.2775455
The International Energy Agency. The Future of Hydrogen: seizing today’s opportunities.
https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen
Thurbon, E., Kim, S.Y., Mathews, J.A. and Tan, H. 2021. More ‘Creative’ Than ‘Destructive’? Synthesizing Schumpeterian and Developmental State Perspectives to Explain Mixed Results in Korea’s Clean Energy Shift. The Journal of Environment & Development, pp.10704965211013491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965211013491
Toro, C. and Lior, N. 2017. Analysis and comparison of solar-heat driven Stirling, Brayton and Rankine cycles for space power generation. Energy, 120, pp.549-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.104
Tyler, E. and Hochstetler, K. 2021. Institutionalising decarbonisation in South Africa: navigating climate mitigation and socio-economic transformation. Environmental Politics, 30(sup1), pp.184-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1947635
Uhunamure, S.E. and Shale, K. 2021. A SWOT Analysis Approach for a Sustainable Transition to Renewable Energy in South Africa. Sustainability, 13(7), pp.3933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073933
United Nations Organisation. 2015. #Envision2030: 17 goals to transform the world for persons with disabilities. at https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html accessed on 03 January 2022
U.S. Department of Energy. 2017. State of the states: fuel cells in America
Waldner F., Hansen M.C., Potapov P.V., Löw F., Newby T., Ferreira S, et al. 2017. National-scale cropland mapping based on spectral-temporal features and outdated land cover information. PLoS ONE 12(8), pp.181911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181911
Wang, J., Wang, H. and Fan, Y. 2018. Techno-economic challenges of fuel cell commercialization. Engineering, 4(3), pp.352-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.05.007
Xin, Y., Wang, D., Li, X.Q., Yuan, Q. and Cao, H. 2018. Influence of moisture content on cattle manure char properties and its potential for hydrogen-rich gas production. Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, 130, pp.224-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.01.005
Xiong, K., Wu, W., Wang, S. and Zhang, L. 2021. Modelling, design, materials and fabrication of bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell: A review. Applied Energy, 301, pp.117443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117443
Xiong, S., Ji, J. and Ma, X. 2020. An environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Waste Management, 102, pp.579-586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.013
Yilmazel, Y.D. and Duran, M. 2021. Biohydrogen production from cattle manure and its mixtures with renewable feedstock by hyperthermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, pp.125969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125969
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Noluntu Dyantyi, Thobeka Ncanywa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}