Electric energy planning in Namibe, Angola: Inserting renewable energies in search of a sustainable energy mix

Authors

  • I. Lemba Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Namibe, Namibe, Angola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-8875
  • M. Ferreira Dias Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-8479
  • M. Robaina Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-5888

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i4a9430

Abstract

The socioeconomic development of any region requires electricity for operating the various sectors of the economy. Sometimes energy is scarce, not only because of the lack of energy resources, but also because energy policy is inadequate or non-existent. This paper examines the situation in the province of Namibe, Angola, characterising the energy sector, and proposing an energy mix for the security of electricity supply, environmental protection and sustainable economic development. Using the Long-range Energy Alternative and Planning System, energy scenarios were simulated and the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) for the period 2014-2040 calculated and analysed. The most sustainable scenario, in terms of energy mix diversification and GHG reduction, as well as the least costly (considering electricity production and carbon costs), has an increase of hydro capacity and the insertion of wind, solar photovoltaic, thermoelectric sources and natural gas. Given the intermittency of photovoltaic and wind systems, natural gas appears in this scenario as a way to avoid interruptions in the electricity supply. This scenario is the one with the largest production reserve margin of 24.47 %, and emissions are avoided at 386 550 tCO2eq compared to the base scenario in 2040. Energy policymakers can take this scenario as a model to assist in making decisions on how power capacities can be installed over the planned time for the desired energy output.

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Author Biographies

  • I. Lemba, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Namibe, Namibe, Angola

    Isata Lemba holds a PhD in Energy Systems and Climate Change from the University of Aveiro, Portugal. Master in Environmental Management and Audits, from Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain, in partnership with the Iberoamericana University Foundation. Degree in Physics from Agostinho Neto University, Angola. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Namibe. He taught the courses in Classic Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism and, Energy and Environment. His areas of interest are Energy planning, Energy efficiency, Energy and Sustainability, Analysis and development of renewable energy sources projects, Environmental consulting and Physics teaching. He has participated in international and national conferences and has published some articles in scientific journals. He is a member of the Angolan Physics Association.

  • M. Ferreira Dias, Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Assistant professor at DEGEIT, and member of the Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP) in the line of research in Competitiveness, Innovation and Sustainability. Previously, he was a professor at ISCTE and a research fellow at the University of Minho. She holds a degree from the Faculty of Economics of the University of Coimbra and a PhD from the University of Warwick, and has carried out research on the effects of the integrated electricity market. Newer research interests include energy saving, environment economics, industrial economy, regulation and competition, social innovation. He was responsible for the curricular units of Microeconomics (Bachelor and Master), European Economics (Bachelor's Degree) and Seminar on Economic Theory and Practice (Master), Macroeconomics, International Economics, Energy Policy and Regulation and Energy Economics and Climate Change, among others. She is currently Director of the Doctoral Program in Energy Systems and Climate Change and has held the position of Deputy Director of the Master's Degree in Economics and Director of the Degree in Economics. She is the author and co-author of scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals of books and book chapters in the areas of energy saving, energy economics, regulation and energy policy and citizen´s role in energy market among others. She, as well has participated in several conferences (Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee, moderator and speaker). She has participated as a researcher and coordinator in more than 10 European and national projects, in which the relationship between university and society is valued, in topics related to competences for the transition to the labor market and social innovation. She is a member of the IAEE (International Association of Economists of Energy) and a founding member and member of the Consultancy Council of the APEEN (Portuguese Association of Energy Economics).

  • M. Robaina, Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Margarita Robaina holds a PhD in Economics, a Master's in Business Economics and a degree in Economics from the University of Aveiro. She is a member of the Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy Research Unit (GOVCOOP), in the Competitiveness, Innovation and Sustainability group. Its areas of interest are Energy Economics, Environmental and Natural Resources Economics, Energy and Environmental Policy and General Equilibrium Models. She is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT) at the University of Aveiro since 2011. She taught the curricular units of Economics, Theory of Economic Growth, Environmental Economics, Economics of Coastal and Marine Resources, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Public Economics, International Economics, Portuguese Economics, Economic History, Environmental and Energy Economics and Energy Economics and Climate Policies. She held the positions of Vice-director of the Master in Management and Planning in Tourism and Tutor of the Course of Economics in the Program of Mentoring at the University of Aveiro. She is currently a member of the Executive Committee of the Department and Director of the Master in Sustainable Energy Systems. Margarita has several publications in books and international journals with scientific arbitration, and has participated in several conferences, both in the Organizing Committee, in the Scientific Committee, and as moderator and speaker. She has been linked to some projects and working groups, such as: Characterization Study for the Reordering and Enhancement of the Lagoon Fisheries, within the Ria de Aveiro Polis Litoral; Preparation of Guiding Documents for the Axes of the Agency for Sustainability and Competitiveness (RUCI); Efficiency and Durability of the Innovation Process in Industrial Environments; Working Group "New Energy Statistics" (GT-NEE); Group of Mission for the Sustainable Development of the University of Aveiro; Green Tax Reform Working Group; KATCH_e - Knowledge Alliance on Product-Service Development for the Circular Economy and Sustainability in Higher Education; ARTUR - The impact of the air quality on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. She is Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Energy Economics - APEEN and member of the Board of Directors of the Spanish-Portuguese Association of Economics of Natural and Environmental Resources (AERNA). She is also a member of the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE).

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Published

2021-12-13

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Vol. 32 No. 4 (2021): Journal of Energy in Southern Africa

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Articles

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Copyright (c) 2021 I. Lemba, M. Ferreira Dias, M. Robaina

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Electric energy planning in Namibe, Angola: Inserting renewable energies in search of a sustainable energy mix. (2021). Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 32(4), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i4a9430