Electric energy planning in Namibe, Angola: Inserting renewable energies in search of a sustainable energy mix

Authors

  • I. Lemba Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Namibe, Namibe, Angola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-8875
  • M. Ferreira Dias Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-8479
  • M. Robaina Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-5888

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i4a9430

Abstract

The socioeconomic development of any region requires electricity for operating the various sectors of the economy. Sometimes energy is scarce, not only because of the lack of energy resources, but also because energy policy is inadequate or non-existent. This paper examines the situation in the province of Namibe, Angola, characterising the energy sector, and proposing an energy mix for the security of electricity supply, environmental protection and sustainable economic development. Using the Long-range Energy Alternative and Planning System, energy scenarios were simulated and the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) for the period 2014-2040 calculated and analysed. The most sustainable scenario, in terms of energy mix diversification and GHG reduction, as well as the least costly (considering electricity production and carbon costs), has an increase of hydro capacity and the insertion of wind, solar photovoltaic, thermoelectric sources and natural gas. Given the intermittency of photovoltaic and wind systems, natural gas appears in this scenario as a way to avoid interruptions in the electricity supply. This scenario is the one with the largest production reserve margin of 24.47 %, and emissions are avoided at 386 550 tCO2eq compared to the base scenario in 2040. Energy policymakers can take this scenario as a model to assist in making decisions on how power capacities can be installed over the planned time for the desired energy output.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

I. Lemba, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Namibe, Namibe, Angola

Isata Lemba holds a PhD in Energy Systems and Climate Change from the University of Aveiro, Portugal. Master in Environmental Management and Audits, from Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain, in partnership with the Iberoamericana University Foundation. Degree in Physics from Agostinho Neto University, Angola. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Namibe. He taught the courses in Classic Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism and, Energy and Environment. His areas of interest are Energy planning, Energy efficiency, Energy and Sustainability, Analysis and development of renewable energy sources projects, Environmental consulting and Physics teaching. He has participated in international and national conferences and has published some articles in scientific journals. He is a member of the Angolan Physics Association.

M. Ferreira Dias, Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Assistant professor at DEGEIT, and member of the Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP) in the line of research in Competitiveness, Innovation and Sustainability. Previously, he was a professor at ISCTE and a research fellow at the University of Minho. She holds a degree from the Faculty of Economics of the University of Coimbra and a PhD from the University of Warwick, and has carried out research on the effects of the integrated electricity market. Newer research interests include energy saving, environment economics, industrial economy, regulation and competition, social innovation. He was responsible for the curricular units of Microeconomics (Bachelor and Master), European Economics (Bachelor's Degree) and Seminar on Economic Theory and Practice (Master), Macroeconomics, International Economics, Energy Policy and Regulation and Energy Economics and Climate Change, among others. She is currently Director of the Doctoral Program in Energy Systems and Climate Change and has held the position of Deputy Director of the Master's Degree in Economics and Director of the Degree in Economics. She is the author and co-author of scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals of books and book chapters in the areas of energy saving, energy economics, regulation and energy policy and citizen´s role in energy market among others. She, as well has participated in several conferences (Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee, moderator and speaker). She has participated as a researcher and coordinator in more than 10 European and national projects, in which the relationship between university and society is valued, in topics related to competences for the transition to the labor market and social innovation. She is a member of the IAEE (International Association of Economists of Energy) and a founding member and member of the Consultancy Council of the APEEN (Portuguese Association of Energy Economics).

M. Robaina, Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies and Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Margarita Robaina holds a PhD in Economics, a Master's in Business Economics and a degree in Economics from the University of Aveiro. She is a member of the Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy Research Unit (GOVCOOP), in the Competitiveness, Innovation and Sustainability group. Its areas of interest are Energy Economics, Environmental and Natural Resources Economics, Energy and Environmental Policy and General Equilibrium Models. She is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT) at the University of Aveiro since 2011. She taught the curricular units of Economics, Theory of Economic Growth, Environmental Economics, Economics of Coastal and Marine Resources, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Public Economics, International Economics, Portuguese Economics, Economic History, Environmental and Energy Economics and Energy Economics and Climate Policies. She held the positions of Vice-director of the Master in Management and Planning in Tourism and Tutor of the Course of Economics in the Program of Mentoring at the University of Aveiro. She is currently a member of the Executive Committee of the Department and Director of the Master in Sustainable Energy Systems. Margarita has several publications in books and international journals with scientific arbitration, and has participated in several conferences, both in the Organizing Committee, in the Scientific Committee, and as moderator and speaker. She has been linked to some projects and working groups, such as: Characterization Study for the Reordering and Enhancement of the Lagoon Fisheries, within the Ria de Aveiro Polis Litoral; Preparation of Guiding Documents for the Axes of the Agency for Sustainability and Competitiveness (RUCI); Efficiency and Durability of the Innovation Process in Industrial Environments; Working Group "New Energy Statistics" (GT-NEE); Group of Mission for the Sustainable Development of the University of Aveiro; Green Tax Reform Working Group; KATCH_e - Knowledge Alliance on Product-Service Development for the Circular Economy and Sustainability in Higher Education; ARTUR - The impact of the air quality on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. She is Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Energy Economics - APEEN and member of the Board of Directors of the Spanish-Portuguese Association of Economics of Natural and Environmental Resources (AERNA). She is also a member of the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE).

References

Abubakar Mas’Ud, A., Wirba, A. V., Muhammad-Sukki, F., Albarracín, R., Abu-Bakar, S. H., Munir, A. B., & Bani, N. A. 2016. A review on the recent progress made on solar photovoltaic in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 441–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.055

África 21 Online. 2014. Angola e Namíbia juntam-se para construir barragem de 1,4 mil milhões de dólares. Página Inicial » Economia » Artigo. http://africa21online.com/artigo.php?a=6748&e=economia&page=30,5&npg=7

Atsu, D., Agyemang, E. O., & Tsike, S. A. K. 2016. Solar electricity development and policy support in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 792–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.031

Banco de Portugal. 2019. Conversor de moeda. Banco de Portugal Estatísticas Consultar Dados Conversor de Moeda. https://www.bportugal.pt/conversor-moeda

Bouckaert, S., Mazauric, V., & Maïzi, N. 2014. Expanding renewable energy by implementing demand response. Energy Procedia 61: 1844-1847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.226

Contaldi, M., Gracceva, F., & Tosato, G. 2007. Evaluation of green-certificates policies using the Markal-Macro-Italy model.Energy Policy. 35, 797-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.03.011

De Andrade Guerra, J. B. S. O., Dutra, L., Schwinden, N. B. C., & Andrade, S. F. De. 2015. Future scenarios and trends in energy generation in Brazil: Supply and demand and mitigation forecasts. Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.082

DNERL [Direcção Nacional de Electrificação Rural e Local]. 2018. Melhorar o acesso aos serviços de energia nas zonas rurais. MINEA » Entrada » Conselho Consultivo » CC2018 » IIIo Painel-Balanço dos Órgãos Centrais. http://www.minea.gv.ao/index.php/conselho-consultivo/category/134-painel-iii

Dornan, M. 2014. Access to electricity in small island developing States of the Pacific: Issues and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31, 726–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.037

DPEAN [Direcção Provincial de Energia e Águas do Namibe]. 2014. Quadro das localidades dos municípios do Namibe pp. 1–11.

EC [European Commission]. 2016. EU Reference Scenario: Energy, transport and GHG emissions Trends to 2050. Main results. In European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2833

Emodi, N. V., & Boo, K.-J. 2015. Sustainable energy development in Nigeria: Current status and policy options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 356–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.016

ENDE EP [Empresa Nacional de Distribuição de Electricidade - Empresa Pública]. 2015. Ponto de situação sobre o funcionamento de energia em Namibe pp. 1–5. Momorandum.

ENDE EP [Empresa Nacional de Distribuição de Electricidade - Empresa Pública]. 2018. Foco na distribuição para um crescimento integrado. MINEA » Entrada » Conselho Consultivo » CC2018 » IIVo Painel-Balanço Das Empresas Públicas, Comissões de Gestão e GEPE MINEA. http://www.minea.gv.ao/index.php/conselho-consultivo/category/135-painel-iv

Fairuz, S.M.C., Sulaiman, M.Y., Lim, C.H., Mat, S., Ali, B., Saadatian, O., Ruslan, M.H., Salleh, E., & Sopian, K. 2013. Fairuz S, et al. Long term strategy for electricity generation in Peninsular Malaysia–Analysis of cost and carbon footprint using MESSAGE. Energy Policy. 62, 493-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.005

GPIESTH [Gabinete Provincial de Infra-Estruturas e Serviços Técnicos da Huíla]. 2018. Síntese sobre o sector da energia e águas. MINEA » Entrada » Conselho Consultivo » CC2018 » IIo Painel-Balanço Dos Órgãos Provinciais. http://www.minea.gv.ao/index.php/conselho-consultivo/category/133-painel-ii

GPIESTN [Gabinete Provincial de Infra-Estruturas e Serviços Técnicos do Namibe]. 2018. NAMIBE - Breve caracterização da província no sector da energia e águas. MINEA » Entrada » Conselho Consultivo » CC2018 » IIo Painel-Balanço Dos Órgãos Provinciais; Gabinete Provincial de Infra-Estruturas e Serviços Técnicos. http://www.minea.gv.ao/index.php/conselho-consultivo/category/133-painel-ii

GPN [Governo Provincial do Namibe]. 2013. Plano de desenvolvimento económico e social da província do Namibe para o período 2013-2017. In Boletim Issue GPN. http://sipangola.org/gis/documents/Plano de desenvolvimento provincial do Namibe 2013-2017.pdf

GWA [Global Wind Atlas]. 2018. Wind speed map - Angola. Global Wind Atlas » Wind » Speed » Angola. https://globalwindatlas.info/en/area/Angola?print=true

Hainoun, A., Aldin M,S., & Almoustafa, S. 2010, Formulating an optimal long-term energy supply strategy for Syria using MESSAGE model. Energy Policy, 38, 1701-1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.032

INE [Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas de Angola]. 2014. Resultados preliminaires do recenseamento geral da populaçao e da habitaçao de Angola 2014. Censo 2014 » Arquivos »Relatórios. file:///C:/Users/SONY/Downloads/Publicação Resultados Preliminares Censo 2014_FINAL.pdf

INE [Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas de Angola]. 2016a. Projecção da população 2014-2050. In Instituto Nacional de Estatística Ed., Início » Publicações » População e Sociedade » Projecção Da População 2015-2050. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. http://www.ine.gov.ao/publicacoes/populacao-e-sociedade-artigos/324-projeccao-da-populacao-2015-2050

INE [Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas de Angola]. 2016b. Projecção da população da província do Namibe 2014-2050. In Instituto Nacional de Estatística Ed., Início » Publicações » População e Sociedade » Projecção Da População 2015-2050.Instituto Nacional de Estatística. http://www.ine.gov.ao/publicacoes/populacao-e-sociedade-artigos/324-projeccao-da-populacao-2015-2050

INE [Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas de Angola]. 2016c. Recenceamento geral da população e habitação. Resultados definitivos. Início » Publicações » População e Sociedade » Apresentações Dos Resultados Definitivos Do Censo 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Kousksou, T., Allouhi, A., Belattar, M., Jamil, A., El Rhafiki, T., Arid, A., & Zeraouli, Y. 2015. Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056

Kousksou, T., Allouhi, A., Belattar, M., Jamil, A., El Rhafiki, T., & Zeraouli, Y. 2015. Morocco’s strategy for energy security and low-carbon growth. Energy, 84, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.048

Kumar, S., & Madlener, R. 2016. CO2 emission reduction potential assessment using renewable energy in India. Energy, 97, 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.131

Lusa. 2014, July 4. Angola troca gasóleo por gás natural na produção de eletricidade. Dinheiro Vivo » Economia. https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/economia/angola-troca-gasoleo-por-gas-natural-na-producao-de-eletricidade/

MACAUHUB. 2013. Barragem Baynes no rio Cunene, em Angola, custará 1350 milhões de dólares. Países. https://macauhub.com.mo/pt/2013/05/15/portugues-barragem-baynes-no-rio-cunene-em-angola-custara-1350-milhoes-de-dolares/

MINEA [Ministério da Energia e Águas de Angola]. 2011. Perspectiva de evolução do sistema eléctrico nacional 2011 - 2016. https://www.minea.gv.ao/index.php/projectos/category/27-dnee-direccao-nacional-de-energia-electrica?download=102:sistema elctrico de angola evoluo 2011_2016

MINEA [Ministério da Energia e Águas de Angola]. 2015. Realizações do sector das energias no âmbito do plano nacional de desenvolvimento 2013-2017. Publicações. Conselho Consultivo. Energia . DNEE.Pptx. http://www.minea.gv.ao/publicacoes/cca/category/36-energia.html

MINEA [Ministério da Energia e Águas de Angola]. 2018a. Angola energia 2025 - Visão de longo prazo para o sector eléctrico. In S. A. Gesto-Energia Ed., Ministério da Energia e Águas » Entrada » Subsector » Angola Energia 2025 » Documentos 1a Edição. http://www.angolaenergia2025.com/pt-pt/conteudo/geracao-0

MINEA [Ministério da Energia e Águas de Angola]. 2018b. Atlas e estratégia nacional para as novas energias renováveis. Ministério da Energia e Águas de Angola » Subsector » Angola Energia 2025 » Saiba Mais Sobre a Angola Energia 2025 » Documentos. http://www.angolaenergia2025.com/sites/default/files/editor/atlas_e_estrategia_nacional_para_as_novas_energias_renovaveis.pdf

MPDT [Ministério do Planeamento e Desenvolvimento Territorial de Angola]. 2012. Plano nacional de desenvolvimento 2013 - 2017. http://www.ucm.minfin.gov.ao/cs/groups/public/documents/document/zmlu/

mdmz/~edisp/minfin033820.pdf

Nojedehi, P., Heidari, M., Ataei, A., Nedaei, M., & Kurdestani, E. 2016. Environmental assessment of energy production from landfill gas plants by using Long-range Energy Alternative Planning LEAP and IPCC methane estimation methods: A case study of Tehran. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 16, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.04.001

Ohunakin, O. S., Adaramola, M. S., Oyewola, O. M., & Fagbenle, R. O. 2014. Solar energy applications and development in Nigeria: Drivers and barriers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.014

Ouedraogo, N. S. 2017a. Africa energy future: Alternative scenarios and their implications for sustainable development strategies. Energy Policy, 106, 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.021

Ouedraogo, N. S. 2017b. Modeling sustainable long-term electricity supply-demand in Africa. Applied Energy, 190, 1047–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.162

PRODEL EP [Empresa Pública de Produção de Electridade]. 2018. Apresentação da empresa, situação operacional e perspectivas. MINEA » Entrada » Conselho Consultivo » CC2018 » IIVo Painel-Balanço Das Empresas Públicas, Comissões de Gestão e GEPE MINEA. http://www.minea.gv.ao/index.php/conselho-consultivo/category/135-painel-iv

Rede Angola. 2016. Potencial do parque eólico do Namibe em destaque na Alemanha. RA » Sociedade. http://m.redeangola.info/potencial-do-parque-eolico-do-namibe-em-destaque-na-alemanha/

Sapo. 2014. Governos de Angola e Namíbia garantem que barragem comum reforça relações. Atualidade. https://24.sapo.pt/noticias/internacional/artigo/governos-de-angola-e-namibia-garantem-que-barragem-comum-reforca-relacoes_18477743.html

Sebri, M., & Ben-Salha, O. 2014. On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033

SEI [Stockholm Environment Institute]. 2005. User guide for LEAP 2005. May, 205. http://www.energycommunity.org/default.asp?action=41

SolarGis. 2014. Global horizontal irradiation - Angola. SolarGIS-Solar-Map-Angola-En. http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Angola-en.png

Vilar, D., Elayo, H., Lugmayr, M., Kappiah, M., Fall, A. 2012. Energias renováveis na África Ocidental - Estado, esperências e tendências Casa África ed.; ECREEE. http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/energias_renovaveis_na_africa_ocidental.pdf

Wirba, A. V., Abubakar Mas’ud, A., Muhammad-Sukki, F., Ahmad, S., Mat Tahar, R., Abdul Rahim, R., Munir, A. B., & Karim, M. E. 2015. Renewable energy potentials in Cameroon: Prospects and challenges. Renewable Energy, 76, 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.083

Zhou, Y., Hao, F., Meng, W., & Fu, J. 2014. Scenario analysis of energy-based low-carbon development in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences China, 268, 1631–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.003

Downloads

Published

2021-12-13

How to Cite

Lemba, I., Ferreira Dias, M., & Robaina, M. (2021). Electric energy planning in Namibe, Angola: Inserting renewable energies in search of a sustainable energy mix. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 32(4), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i4a9430

Issue

Vol. 32 No. 4 (2021): Journal of Energy in Southern Africa

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 I. Lemba, M. Ferreira Dias, M. Robaina

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.