The novel design of an energy efficient superconductor-based series reactor for installation at a grid connected research site
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i2a7514Keywords:
fault current limiter, superconducting power devices, energy efficiencyAbstract
This paper proposes the development of a superconducting series reactor (SSR) as an alternative to traditionally employed technologies and superconducting fault current limiters when managing fault levels on the electrical power grid. By utilizing superconducting tape, which has negligible resistance, in the construction of a series reactor, it is proposed that fault level mitigation could be achieved in a more energy efficient manner. Once constructed the SSR will be installed and tested at a grid-connected power engineering research site, and the proposed impact of this installation is firstly simulated using Reticmaster® power system simulation software. Design parameters for the prototype SSR are then calculated enabling the total cost of the modifications and prototype SSR to be determined. A desktop SSR was also constructed and tested as a pre-cursor to the prototype construction to confirm functionality and design and was found to be up to four times more energy efficient as the equivalent copper reactor. Finally, the calorimetric method of power loss determination was investigated and experimentally shown to be a viable alternative to the traditional electrical method of power loss determination. In the past, the relatively cheap cost of electricity in South Africa had favoured the installation of poor power efficiency devices that required a lower initial capital investment. With increasing energy costs and a focus on carbon emission reductions, the development of the SSR augurs a new era in power system engineering in which designs are proposed considering both total lifecycle costs and energy efficiency.
- Design proposal for the first superconducting power device in Africa
- Alternative to less efficient fault current management technologies currently employed
- Construction and testing of a desktop superconducting series reactor
- Verification of the calorimetric method for power loss determination.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Berry, J., Jupe, S., Meisinger, M. & Outram, J., 2013. Implementation of an active fault level monitoring system for distributed generation integration. Stockholm, 22nd International Conference on Electricity Distribution, p. 0619.
CIGRE WG D1.38, 2015. Common Characteristics and Emerging Test Techniques for High Temperature Superconducting Power Equipment, Paris: Cigre.
Coletta, G. et al., 1999. Application of Electrical and Calorimetric Methods to the AC Loss Characterization of Cable Conductors. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 9(2), pp. 1053-1056.
Dai, J. S. et al., 2014. A Novel Calorimetric Method for Measurement of AC Losses of HTS Tapes by OPtical Fiber Bragg Grating. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 24(5), p. 9002104.
Fink, S. et al., 2014. AC breakdown voltage of liquid nitrogen depending on gas bubbles and pressure. Poznan, s.n.
Harlow, J. H., 2012. Electric Power Transformer Engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Huh, J.-S.et al., 2013. Study on voltage unbalance improvement using SFCL in power feed network with electric railway system. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 23(3), p. 3601004.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 2007. IEC 60076-6: Power Transformers - Part 6: Reactors. Geneva: IEC.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 2008. IEC 60137 - Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V. Geneva: IEC.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 2008. IEC 60815-2: Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions - Part 2: Ceramic and glass insulators for a.c. systems. Geneva: IEC.
Iwasa, Y., 2009. Case Studies in Superconducting Magnets: Design and Operatinal Issues. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
Author. et al., 2019. Design, Construction and Testing of a Desktop Superconducting Series Reactor towards MV Grid Application. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Issue (Manuscript submitted for review).
Author et al ., 2017. A Technical and Economic Comparison Between Traditionally Employed and Emerging Fault Level Management Solutions at Distribution Voltages. Africa Research Journal, 108(1), pp. 31 -38.
Kim, M. J. et al., 2011. The application of a fault current limiter at Icheon substation in Korea. Xi'an, IEEE.
Lee, B. W., Sim, J., Park, K. B. & Oh, I. S., 2008. Practical application issues of superconducting fault current limiters for electric power systems. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 18(2), pp. 620-623.
Martini, L. et al., 2012. Development, testing and installation of a superconducting fault current limiter for medium voltage distribution networks. Physics Procedia, Volume 36, pp. 914 - 920.
McLaren, B., 2016. Medium Voltage Reticulation Standard: Section 0, Sunninghill: Eskom Holdings Pty Ltd.
Murgatroyd, P. N., 1986. The Brooks inductor: a study of optimal solenoid cross sections. IEE Proceedings, 133, Pt. B(5), pp. 309 - 314.
Mushwana, C., 2016. Short Circuit Current Management Standard ( Doc Number: 240 - 83559364), Sunninghill: Eskom Holdings.
Noe, M. et al., 2012. Conceptual design of a 24 kV, 1 kA resistive superconducting fault current limiter. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 22(3), p. 5600304.
Okamoto, H., Sumiyoshi, F., Miyoshi, K. & Suzuki, Y., 2006. The Nitrogen Boil-Off method for Measuring AC Losses in HTS Coils. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 16(2), pp. 105-107.
Prigmore, J. R., Mendoza, J. A. & Karady, G. G., 2013. Comparison of four different types of ferromagnetic materials for fault current limiter applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 28(3), pp. 1491-1498.
Roux, A. l., 2011. Network Technology Plan for Distribution - Doc. Number 240 41793930, Sunninghill: Eskom Holdings.
Ryan, H. M., 2013. High- Voltage Engineering and Testing. London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
Schmidt, W. et al., 2008. Limiting short circuit currents in electrical networks with superconductor wires. Paris, s.n.
See, K. W., Cook, C. D. & Dou, S. X., 2011. Innovative Calorimetric AC loss measurement of HTSC for Power Applications. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 21(3), pp. 3261-3264.
Seo, H.-C.et al., 2010. Superconducting fault current limiter application for reduction of the transformer inrush current: A decision scheme of the optimal insertion resistance. IEEE Trans.Appl. Supercond, 20(4), pp. 2255 - 2264.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Mohamed F. Khan, A.L. Leigh Jarvis, Edward A. Young, Andrew G. Swanson, Jonathan C. Archer, Robert G. Stephen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}