Scoping exercise to determine load profile archetype reference shapes for solar co-generation models in isolated off-grid rural African villages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i3a1375Keywords:
smart village, community microgrids, discrete time simulation, off-grid demand response, disaggregated load profile, sustainable energyAbstract
For many off-grid rural communities, renewable energy resources may be the only viable option for household and village energy supply and electrification. This is especially true for many rural regions in Southern Africa, where the population spread is characterised by small villages. These rural villages rely heavily on firewood and biomass to meet thermal energy needs (hot water and cooking), while candles, kerosene and paraffin are mostly used for lighting. Hybrid concentrated solar micro-CHP (combined heat and power) technology systems have been proposed as viable energy solutions. This paper conducts a scoping exercise to determine realistic hourly reference profile shapes for thermal and power energy consumption in isolated rural African villages. The results offer realistic energy consumption load profiles for a typical rural African village in time-series format. These reference load profiles enable experimental comparison between computer modelled solar micro-CHP systems and control automation solutions in isolated rural village micro-grid simulations.
Downloads
References
Africa, L., Blore, M., Dwight, R., Reichhardt, C., Retief, D., Mpando, T., 2008. Domestic Energy Use of Low Income Households in Grahamstown East. State of the Environment Report (SoER) for Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 1–29.
Agama, 2002. Sustainable Energy Services, Lynedoch Eco-Village. AGAMA Energy (Pty) Ltd P O Box 606, Constantia, 7848, South Africa, 1–28.
Aron, J., Eherhard, A., Gandar, M., 1991. Fuelwood deficits in rural South Africa. Biomass and Bioenergy 1 (2), 89–98.
Barbieri, E. S., Spina, P. R., Venturini, M., 2012. Analysis of innovative micro-CHP systems to meet household energy demands. Applied Energy 97, 723–733.
Bokanga, G. M., Kahn, M. T. E., 2014. Design of a low voltage DC microgrid system for rural electrification in South Africa 25 (2), 9–14.
Casillas, C. E., Kammen, D. M., 2012. The challenge of making reliable carbon abatement estimates: the case of diesel microgrids. S.A.P.I.EN.S. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society Journal 5 (1).
Cho, H., Eksioglu, S. D., Luck, R., Chamra, L. M., 2008. Operation of a CCHP System Using an Optimal Energy Dispatch Algorithm. ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, 1–8.
Cho, H., Luck, R., Chamra, L. M., 2007. Dynamic Simulation of a Micro-CHP Facility: A Case Study. ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference Long Beach, California, USA, 247–254.
Cross, N., Gaunt, C., 2003. Application of rural residential hourly load curves in energy modelling. IEEE Conference: Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003 IEEE Bologna, 1–4.
Dagbjartsson, G., Gaunt, C., Zomers, A., 2007. Rural Electrification : A scoping report. Cigr´e Working Group C6-13 Rural Electrification Workshop 1, 1–24.
Damte, A., Koch, S. F., Mekonnen, A., 2012. Coping with Fuelwood Scarcity. Household Responses in Rural Ethiopia. Environment for Development. Disucssion Paper Series 12-01 (January), 1–34.
Deloitte, 2011. Advanced metering infrastructure customer impacts study. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia, Final report: Volume 1 and 2 (1), 1–89.
EMCON, 2000. Simulation and Monitoring of Solar and Electric Water Heating Systems. REEE 5/99, EMCON Consulting Engineers for Ministry of Mines and Energy Private Bag 13297 Windhoek, Namibia (December), 1–116.
Fall, N., Giles, L., Marchionini, B., Skolnik, E. G., 2007. Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) Load and Resource Profiles A Study for the DOE Energy Storage Program. SAND REPORT SAND2007-4268 Unlimited Release Printed July 2007 (July), 47.
Fogarty, A., 2015. African Kaleidoscope Safari, Code (OV08) A 12 day tour. Overnight Tours 1 (1), 1–2.
URL http://mobi.alantours.co.za/mobi{_}listings/overnight{_}tours
Harris, A., Kilfoil, M., Uken, E., 2008. Options for residential hot water heating. Energy Technology Unit (ETU), Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa, 1–8.
Heunis, S., Dekenah, M., 2014. A load profile prediction model for residential consumers in South Africa. Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy, DUE 2014, 3–8.
Ho, C. K., 2008. Software and Codes for Analysis of Concentrating Solar Power Technologies. Sandia National Laboratories, Report SAND2008-8053 (December), 1–35.
Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A., 2012. Air Pollution - A Comprehensive Perspective, Application on the Remote Area Power Supply System.
IEA, 2014. Africa Energy Outlook. A focus on the energy prospects in sub-Saharan Africa. World Energy Outlook Special Report, International Energy Agency Publication, 1–237.
iShack, 2013. The iShack: A business model for incrementally upgrading informal settlements. Sustainability Institute, Stellenbosch University (April), 2011–2014.
Kenneth, A. P., Tarilanyo, A. J., 2013. Developing sustainable power supply for rural communities in Akassa of Bayelsa state using photovoltaic system and battery. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 6 (4), 545–550.
Ketjoy, N., 2005. Photovoltaic Hybrid Systems for Rural Electrification in the Mekong Countries. University of Kessel, Library, 1–135.
Kruger, J. L., 2007. Towards an appropriate framework for South African rural renewable energy provision. Master of Philosophy: Sustainable Development Planning and Management, School of Public Management, Stellenbosch University (December), 1–180.
Lloyd, P., 2014. The energy profile of a low-income urban community. Domestic Use of Energy Conference, 29 March 2 April, 2014, Cape Town, South Africa 25 (3), 80–85.
Lloyd, P., Cowan, B., 2004. Improving access to electricity: Lessons from Khayelitsha. Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 1–6.
Lund, H., 2015. Renewable Energy Systems: A Smart Energy Systems Approach to the Choice and Modeling of 100% Renewable Solutions. Academic Press.
Makungwa, S. D., Epulani, F., Woodhouse, I. H., 2013. Fuelwood Supply: A Missed Essential Component in a Food Security Equation. Journal of Food Security 1 (2), 49–51.
Masekoameng, K. E., 2005. Household energy needs and utilization patterns in the Giyani rural communities of Limpopo Province , South Africa. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 16 (3), 4–9.
Meyer, J. P., 2000. A review of domestic hot-water consumption in South Africa. R & D Journal 16, 55–61.
Meyer, J. P., Tshimankinda, M., dec 1997. Hot water consumption by developing communities in South African traditional houses. International Journal of Energy Research 21 (12), 667–673.
Mulaudzi, S., Qase, N., 2008. New and Renewable Energy: Mini-grid hybrid viability and replication potential: The Hluleka and Lucingweni pilot projects. Department of Minerals and Energy of South Africa, 1–299.
Muya, T., 1996. Hot water consumption in South Africa. Phd dissertation, Rand Afrikaans University (now University of Johannesburg), Johannesburg, South Africa.
Nayar, C., 2014. Energy security in small islands and remote communities through innovative micro-grid systems. Remote Area Power Supply Conference, Regen Power Sustainable Power Solutions (3), 1–65.
Ohijeagbon, O. D., Ajayi, O. O., 2014. Potential and economic viability of standalone hybrid systems for a rural community of Sokoto , North-west Nigeria. Frontiers in Energy 8 (2), 145–159.
OpenEI, 2015. Commercial and Residential Hourly Load Profiles for all TMY3 Locations in the United States.
Palmer, C., MacGregor, J., 2008. Fuelwood Scarcity, Energy Substitution and Rural Livelihoods in Namibia.
Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Zurich (32), 1–29.
Prieto-Araujo, E., Olivella-Rosell, P., Cheah-Mane, M., Villafafila-Robles, R., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., 2015. Renewable energy emulation concepts for microgrids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier 50, 325–345.
Prinsloo, G. J., Dobson, R. T., 2015. Combined solar heat and power with microgrid storage and layered smartgrid control toward supplying off-grid rural villages. Energy Science & Engineering 1-10, n/a–n/a.
Reddy, Y., 2008. An Exploration of Household Energy Use Patterns Among Grid Electrified Households in Low income Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Sameti, M., Kasaeian, A., Mohammadi, S. S., Sharifi, N., 2014. Thermal Performance Analysis of a Fully Mixed Solar Storage Tank in a ZEB Hot Water System. Sustainable Energy 2 (2), 52–56.
Scheurlen, E., 2015. Time Allocation to Energy Resource Collection in Rural Ethiopia Gender-Disaggregated Household Responses to Changes in Firewood Availability. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01419, Environment and Production Technology Division, International food Policy Research Institute, (February), 1–48.
Shackleton, C., Gambiza, J., Jones, R., 2007. Household fuelwood use in small electrified towns of the Makana District, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18 (3), 4–10.
Shilts, E., Fischer, B., 2014. Energy usage curves. Opower Labs, Load-curve-archetypes, 1–5.
Sprei, F., 2002. Characterization of power system loads in rural Uganda. Masters thesis, Lund University of Technology, Lund, Sweden.
Susanto, J., 2012. Limits of grid extension in the Lao PDR: A financial perspective. Journal of Humanitarian Engineering 1 (1), 27–38.
Tinarwo, D., 2009. Design of Village Power and Micro-Grids for Rural Areas of Zimbabwe with Specific Attention to Voltage Regulation on Low Voltage Meshed Distribution Grids. Kassel University Press, Kassel, Germany.
UNDP, 2011. Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. Human Development Report, United Nations Development Programme, New York., 58.
Verma, A., Biswas, S., Ahmad, S. Y., 2015. Techno-Financial Analysis of Energy Access through Hybrid System with Solar PV under the Various Rural Community Models for State of Uttarakhand , India. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 6 (April), 75–94.
WHO, 2010. Households using solid fuels as the primary cooking fuel, by WHO region. WHO Global Health Observatory Repository, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–1.
Yumoto, N., 2011. Sustainability Conditions for PV Hybrid Systems : Environmental Considerations. Energy and Environment Institute, Inc., IEA PVPS Task 11 Report IEA-PVPS T11-03:2011, 1–28.
.png){kind=spacer}